Master the German Language Exam Level B1 CEFR

The third level in the  Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages is level B1. It is definitely a step beyond the A1 and A2 exams. Passing a level  B1 exam means that you are entering the intermediate level of your journey through the German language. B1 Certifies Intermediate  Level Language Skills According to the CEFR, B1 levels means that you: Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken.Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest.Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes, and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. To prepare, you may want to review videos of a B1 exam in progress. What Use Is a B1 Certificate? Unlike the A1 and the A2 exam, the level B1 exam marks a significant milestone in your German learning process. By proving that you have language skills on this level, the German government may grant you the German citizenship one year earlier, which is 6 instead of 7 years. Its the final stage of any so-called integration course because reaching B1 shows you can handle most daily situations like going to the doctors or ordering a taxi, booking a hotel room, or asking for advice or directions, etc. Attaining B1 level in German is something to be proud of. How Long Does It Take to Reach the B1 Level? It is difficult to come up with reliable numbers. Many intensive German classes claim to help you reach B1 in six months, at five days a week with 3 hours of daily instruction plus 1.5 hours of homework. That sums up to 540 hours of learning to finish B1 (4.5 hours x 5 days x 4 weeks x 6 months). This assumes you are taking group classes in most German language schools in Berlin or other German cities. You could possibly achieve B1 in half the time or less with the help of a private tutor. Why Are There Different B1 Exams? There are two different kinds of B1 exams:the Zertifikat Deutsch (ZD) and the Deutschtest fà ¼r Zuwanderer (German exam for migrants or short DTZ). The ZD is the standard exam created by the Goethe-Institut in cooperation with the Ãâ€"sterreich Institut and only tests you for level B1. If you dont reach that level, you fail. The DTZ exam is a scaled exam meaning that tests for two levels: A2 and B1. So if you are unable to reach B1 yet, you wont fail this exam. You would just pass it on the lower A2 level. This is a far more motivating approach for test takers and is used often with BULATS. Unfortunately, it isnt that widespread in Germany yet. The DTZ is the final exam of an Integrationskurs. Is Language School Necessary to Reach B1 Level? Although we usually advise learners to seek at least a bit of guidance from a professional German tutor, B1 (like most other levels) can be reached on one’s own. However, working on your own will require a lot more self-discipline and organizational skills. Having a reliable and consistent timetable will help you with learning autonomously. The most critical part is to keep up with your speaking practice and make sure you get corrected by a qualified party. That way, you won’t risk acquiring bad pronunciation or grammatical structure. How Much Does It Cost to Reach B1 Level? The cost of instruction from select language schools is subject to change. Here is a basic idea of what it costs to reach B1 level proffiency: Volkshochschule (VHS): 80â‚ ¬ /month totalling 480â‚ ¬ for A2Goethe Institut (during summer in Berlin, varying prices worldwide): up to 1,200â‚ ¬ /month totalling up to 7,200â‚ ¬ for B1  German integration courses (Integrationskurse) as little as 0â‚ ¬/month at times, or they ask you to pay 1â‚ ¬ per lesson received resulting in 80â‚ ¬ per month or 560â‚ ¬ total (those courses last approx. 7 months).Course within an ESF program: 0â‚ ¬Bildungsgutschein (education voucher) issued from the Agentur fà ¼r Arbeit: 0â‚ ¬ How Can I Prepare Efficiently for the B1 Exam? Begin preparation by looking for any available sample exams you can find. They will show you the kinds of questions asked or tasks required and will familiarize you with the material. You can find those on TELC or Ãâ€"SD (check the right sidebar for the model exam) or conduct an online search for modellprà ¼fung deutsch b1. There may be additional material for purchase in case you feel the need to prepare more. Practice Writing You can find the answers to most exam questions in the back of the sample sets. However, you will need a native speaker or advanced learner to check your written work called „Schriftlicher Ausdruck,â€Å" which consists mainly of three short letters.  A good place to find help for this problem is the lang-8 community. It is free,  yet, if you get their premium subscription, your texts will get corrected faster. You will also need to correct other learners’ written work to gain credits that you then can use to get your work corrected. Practice for the Oral Exam Heres a tricky part. You will eventually need a conversation trainer. We did not say a conversation partner because a trainer specifically prepares you for an oral exam, while a partner simply converses with you. Those are zwei paar schuhe (two different things). You will find trainers on Verbling or Italki or Livemoccha. Until B1, it is totally sufficient to hire them for just 30 mins per day or if your budget is very limited, 3 x 30 mins per week. Use them only to prepare you for the exam. Dont ask them grammatical questions or let them teach you grammar. That should be done by a teacher, not a conversation trainer. Teachers want to teach, so make sure the person you hire emphasizes that they are not too much of a teacher. They dont have to be a native speaker, but their German should be at C1 level. Anything below that level and the risk of learning wrong German is too high.   Mental Preparation Taking any exam can be an emotional stressor. Due to the importance of this B1 level, it might make you more nervous than the earlier levels. To prepare mentally, simply imagine yourself in the exam situation and imagine that calm is flowing through your body and mind at that time. Imagine that you know what to do and that you can answer any question given. Also, imagine that the examiners are sitting in front of you and are smiling. Imagine the feeling that you like them and that they like you. It might sound silly, but these simple imaginative exercises can do wonders for your nerves. We wish you the best of luck with the B1 exam!

Naval Technical Bureau ( Cpeng ) And A Qualified Project...

I am a highly professional, motivated, and experienced Chartered Mechanical/Systems Engineer (CPEng) and a qualified Project Manager (PM) from UNSW Canberra (ADFA) working with Naval Technical Bureau (NTB) from 2008 to current for Australian Department of Defence (DoD). My employer’s primary role is to support technical integrity of ADO Maritime material in platform systems engineering through the evolution of Maritime Material Seaworthiness Requirement Set (MSRS)(DEF AUST (5000). The document captures the technical attributes required of the maritime platforms, system and equipment by identifying the area of technical risks that are to be managed on behalf of the RAN by the project authority (CASG) and or the SPO and their service provider/prime contractor throughout the life cycle of the product. During my tenure with NTB, I have undertaken complex engineering and project work within the boundaries of the Navy Technical Regulatory Framework (NTRF) to successfully deliver technical products and services for the acquisition and sustainment of Minor War Vessels (MWV) for the RAN. In the naval context, these includes specification and validation of compliance with Platform System Requirements for the current and future ships through the development of material specification for maritime capability certification assurance process and provide technical naval system advice to naval community that is accurate, on time and pragmatic. To discuss some of the complex engineeringShow MoreRelatedSoftware Engineering Notes10054 Words   |  41 PagesWhen mainframes were expensive and required large support staffs, the few organizations buying them also had the resources to fund large, expensive custom software engineering projects. Computers are now much more numerous and much more powerful, which has several effects on software. The larger market can support large projects to create commercial off the shelf software, as done by companies such as Microsoft. The cheap machines allow each programmer to have a terminal capable of fairly rapid compilation

Linking Executive Remuneration To Measures - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Linking Executive Remuneration To Environmental Measures. Answer: Summary The social and environmental issues are very critical in the success of any form of the business organization whether it may be small or big. The main aim of this report is to provide insights as to how the executive remuneration of the company shall be linked to the achievement of the social and environmental objectives. The second main aim of the report is to identify the indicators which helps in measuring the performance related to the social and environmental issues. With these two aims the overall report of the have been framed into major two headings describing the indicators for environment and social separately. Environmental Performance Indicators The environmental performance indicators are defined as the factors which will help in determining as to how the performance shall be measured and evaluated Vis a Vis the factors. The indicator has been bifurcated into the three major headings. One is management performance indicators, second is operational performance indicators and the third is environmental condition indicators. These are detailed as follows: Management Performance Indicators It consists of the policies and procedures adopted by the company, activities defined by the company, decisions taken by the management of the company and the various actions taken by the management of the company. These are as follows for the given manufacturing company: First indicator is the comparison of the actual expenditure incurred towards the environmental safety with the budgeted environmental cost. If it is within the limit then it will be classified as the positive indicator otherwise will be rewarded as the negative indicator (Azzone, 2010). Second indicator is ascertaining the number of employees that will be trained or have been trained. Third indicator is to ascertain whether there has been any audit observations during the year and what steps have been taken by the management in regard to remove or rectify that observation. The major indicator is that how much time the management has taken to rectify that audit finding. Fourth indicator is the number of complaints that the company has received from the public and the employees of the company. Fifth indicator is to ascertain the levels of the management with respect to the environmental responsibilities (Henri, 2008). Operational Performance Indicators It consists of the performance of the various inputs and the input services and the functioning of the operational facilities, etc. These are as follows: The first measure is to identify as to how much raw material is being used for the production of per unit of the finished goods (Jasch, 2000). The second measure is to know as to how much energy is consumed per unit of finished goods and similarly how much energy is conserved during the particular period of time. The third measure is as by how many times there has been the situation which has led to the closure of the business and shutdowns. The fourth measure is to calculate and ascertain as how much hazardous waste is generated per unit of the finished goods. The fifth measure is the basic measure as it informs as to what kind of specific pollutants are generated during the operations and its proportion on yearly basis. While carrying on any operations the waste water is charged and the next measure deals with the ascertainment of the waste water discharged per unit of the finished product. Lastly the emissions are measured as exceeding days per year (De Benedetto, 2009). Environmental Condition Indicators It consists of the condition prevailing at domestic level, national level, international level and the global level. These are as follows: The first basic measure is that how much the contaminated concentration has in the air of the state and the country. Then the frequency is measured of the presence of the photochemical smog in the air. The next basic measure is that how much the contaminated concentration has in the surface or under ground level of the state and the country (Hermann, 2007). The most important measure under this head is the ascertainment of change in groundwater level as it helps in measuring the concentration of the hazardous waste in the water. Another important indicator is the ascertainment of the level of contaminated concentration in the soil (Jamous, 2013). The ascertainment of the population of the specific specie also helps in measuring the performance as less the species more will be assumption that the operations are generating more hazardous waste or pollutants. The measurement of the level of the employees blood lead will act as the good indicator. If the operations are generating any waste in the water, then the next measure will is the identification of the deaths of fish happened in the water on periodical levels (Whitford, 2001). In this way, the aforesaid indicators will helps in measuring the environmental performance of the company. Social Performance Indicators The social performance is mainly related to the end users of the companys products and the information. These indicators are explained below: The first indicator is the measurement of how far the company is able to retain its customers. This depends on the market share that the company has acquired during the year and also in comparison to earlier year. The more the company will be able to retain its client and the customers, more will be the positive indication that the company is performing good socially (Preston, 2007). The second indicator is how far the company has been able to generate the employment opportunities for the people of the respective country and state in which the company is operating. More the employment opportunities created more will be the reputation of the company in the market (Wood, 2005). The third indicator is the feedback received from the customers. It is the companys policy to have the feedback from the customers. If the feedback is positive, the customers will seems to have been satisfied. More the customers are satisfied more will be the companys health in terms of the market share. From the management point of the view, the best indicator is the comparison of the budgeted social costs with the actual social costs. If the budget is exceeded then the management will become more cautious and will try to employ such resources which can help them to cover the social costs and in case the budget is met with surplus then it be considered as the positive fact (Brammer, 2006). The next indicator is whether the company has been providing the wide range of products or services as many of the companies are always found engaged in the creating the innovative products or innovative services. If the company is also following the same then it shall be treated as the company is working positive towards the society otherwise the negative image will be developed (Ullmann, 2015). The next indicator is the quality of goods and services delivered and provided respectively to the customers. The goods so provided shall be of the good quality and also the services provided to the customers shall be up to the mark otherwise the indicator will declare the company as liquidated company (Waddock, 2007). Thus, in this manner, the social indicator helps in evaluating the performance of the company. Conclusion And Recommendation Every company is required to meet the environmental and social expectations that have been laid down as per the environmental guidelines and the corporate social responsibility as per the corporations act 2001. The manufacturing companies are required to keep in consideration the various factors that will help in measuring the performance of the company in terms of the environment and the social. These two has been described as the planet and people of the world of the operations of the company. Each of the indicators explained in the report states that the company is required to maintain its conduct in an efficient and effective manner and shall not engage in any activity which can lead to negative image in the market. To conclude, the report has provided with all the indicators required for manufacturing companies. It is recommended for the manufacturing company to take care of all the indicators and measures for the better evaluation of the companys environmental and social aspects. References Azzone, G., (2010), Defining environmental performance indicators: an integrated framework Business Strategy and the Environment,5(2), pp.69-80 Jasch, C., (2000), Environmental performance evaluation and indicators.Journal of Cleaner Production,8(1), pp.79-88 De Benedetto, (2009), The Environmental Performance Strategy Map: an integrated LCA approach to support the strategic decision-making process.Journal of Cleaner Production,17(10), pp.900-906 Whitford, V., (2001) City form and natural processindicators for the ecological performance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK.Landscape and urban planning,57(2), pp.91-103 Hermann, B.G., (2007), Assessing environmental performance by combining life cycle assessment, multi-criteria analysis and environmental performance indicators.Journal of Cleaner Production,15(18), pp.1787-1796 Henri, J.F, (2008), Environmental performance indicators: An empirical study of Canadian manufacturing firmsJournal of environmental management,87(1), pp.165-176. Jamous, N., (2013). Environmental performance indicators. InOrganizations Environmental Performance Indicators(pp. 3-18). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Preston, L.E, (2007), The corporate social-financial performance relationship: A typology and analysis.Business Society,36(4), pp.419-429. Brammer, S, (2006), Corporate social performance and stock returns: UK evidence from disaggregate measures.Financial management,35(3), pp.97-116. Waddock, S.A., (2007), The corporate social performance-financial performance link.Strategic management journal, pp.303-319. Wood, D.J., (2005), Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance.The International Journal of Organizational Analysis,3(3), pp.229-267. Ullmann, A.A., (2015), Data in search of a theory: A critical examination of the relationships among social performance, social disclosure, and economic performance of US firmsAcademy of management review,10(3), pp.540-557.

Whether the Attorney is a Debt Relief Agency an Example by

Whether the Attorney is a Debt Relief Agency? Pursuant to the implementation of 526-528 in 2005 lawyers providing bankruptcy assistance to a consumer debtors can now be referred to as debt relief agencies(Vergos, 2009). Bankruptcy assistance as defined includes providing information, advice, counsel, document preparation, or filing, or attendance at a creditors meeting or appearing in a case or proceeding on behalf of anothers or providing legal representation with respect to a case or proceeding under the Code (Vergos, 2009). The lawyer might a debt relief agency even if the lawyer does not practice bankruptcy law; the debt relief agency can broadly encompass areas such as the following: Need essay sample on "Whether the Attorney is a Debt Relief Agency?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The attorney for a divorce client who wants to know how the bankruptcy of a spouse might affect him/her; The divorce lawyer providing advice about the bankruptcy effect of certain provisions pertaining to a divorce settlement; Representation of an individual in a preference case; Attendance of the 341 meeting of creditors in the bankruptcy of the clients ex-spouse; Representation by a lawyer of a class of consumers against a large company who files a chapter 11; Lawyers who fill out a proof of claim on behalf of a consumer debtor. (Vergos, 2009) Other Information: The designation as debt relief agency subjects one to professional responsibilities, required disclosures, and communications; as well as advertising restrictions mandated in 526, 527 and 528 of the 2005 act(Vergos,2009) A debt relief agency shall not advise an assisted person or prospective assisted person to pay an attorney fee(Vergos ,2009). A debt relief agency shall not charge for services performed as part of preparing for or representing a debtor in a case under this title (Vergos, 2009) Possible sanctions include liability to the client for fees and charges received, actual damages, reasonable attorneys fees and costs for the intentional or negligent failure to comply with 526-528; for failure to file any required documents in a case that is dismissed or converted to another chapter; or for disregarding the material requirements of the 2005 act or of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (Vergos, 2009). Other sanctions include state law remedies, actions by the state attorney general, the U.S. Trustee or by the bankruptcy court on its own motion (Vergos, 2009) Reference: Vergos, E. (2008). Bankruptcy Blues.

Correct Use of the Adjective Reincarnate

Correct Use of the Adjective Reincarnate Correct Use of the Adjective Reincarnate Correct Use of the Adjective Reincarnate By Maeve Maddox The word reincarnate used as an adjective is extremely popular with writers who comment on politics and entertainment. Many of the ways in which the word is used, however, are questionable. First, some definitions. Incarnate is related to the Latin word for flesh (caro). To incarnate is to enter into a fleshly body. The Incarnation is the Christian doctrine that God inhabited a human body as Jesus. Pre-Christian belief included the belief that a god could walk the earth in human form. The religious concept of reincarnation is the belief that when a human body dies, the spirit that inhabited it is reborn into another body. As an adjective, incarnate often follows a noun and means in the flesh. Ex. Some regarded Hitler as the devil incarnate. Like incarnate, the adjective reincarnate is almost always placed after the noun it describes. Ex. Many believed that John the Baptist was Elijah reincarnate. As an adjective reincarnate means reincarnated. Here are some examples of reincarnate from the web. Some are used incorrectly. 1. Palin may well be Dick Cheney’s reincarnate. 2. The big question: Is G.W. Bush the reincarnate of our lord and savior? 3. Look at GOP’s embrace of Sarah Palin – a Bush reincarnate – as its future savior. 4. Bush essentially describes himself as a reincarnate of Harry Truman. 5. But what if shes pregnant with the Michael Jackson reincarnate? 6. I dont know anyone, liberal or conservative, that thinks Michelle Obama is some kind of Jackie Kennedy reincarnate. 7. Hoping in vain to be perceived as John F. Kennedy reincarnate, in the summer of 1999 Bill Clinton†¦ 8. From the beginning I have said that this hot young man must be Elvis reincarnate. 9. If Bush pardoned someone who re-offended, the Times would run 47 front page stories on the person and act like he was Son of Sam reincarnate. 10. Bush’s agenda to reincarnate NATO, inspired by the Wolfowitz document, is key to this oil strategy. Comments Items 1-5 use reincarnate as if it were a noun. The noun form is reincarnation. Corrections: Dick Cheney’s reincarnation (the possessive calls for a noun) the reincarnation of our lord and savior (the article the calls for a noun) a Bush reincarnation (the article a calls for a noun) a reincarnation of Harry Truman. (ditto) the reincarnation of Michael Jackson (see number 2.) NOTE: Strictly speaking, for a person to be somebody else reincarnate, the somebody in question should be dead. We can suggest that someone is Truman reincarnate, or Michael Jackson reincarnate, because Truman and Jackson are dead. In the case of the living, like Cheney and Bush, a play on the word clone might be more apt. To suggest that someone is a living person reincarnate conjures up the spooky idea of two spirits inhabiting one body. Items 6-8 use the adjective reincarnate correctly. Item 9 is iffy. In one sense Son of Sam is still alive in the person of lifer David Berkowitz. On the other hand, the murderer Son of Sam is presumably dead, i.e., off the streets. Son of Sam reincarnate works, but the writer could have come up with a murderer who, like the Wicked Witch of the East, is not only merely dead, but really most sincerely dead. Item 10 uses reincarnate as a verb. The questionable use here is not that NATO is not a fleshly body inhabitable by a spirit. Reincarnate and its forms are often used figuratively. Whats wrong here is that NATO never died. If NATO had been dissolved and then a new organization formed under a new name to include the old Soviet bloc, reincarnate would be appropriate. ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), for example, is busily reincarnating under various new names in the different states. Bottom line: dont confuse the post-positional adjective reincarnate with the noun reincarnation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Select vs. Selected10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Writing a Powerful College Research Paper

Writing a Powerful College Research Paper Read about the main purposes of a research paper writing. What skills do the college students obtain when writing a research paper? College Research Paper: Purposes and a Writing Guideline In higher education, the term â€Å"research paper† is a broad term for assigned papers that call for a student to investigate a topic and put it into written form. The immediate purpose of such an assignment is to have the student learn something about a topic and present what they’ve learned effectively to their professor; therefore, the research paper is evaluated based on what the student has said on the topic and how they have said it. Most research papers incorporate information from library catalogs, periodical indexes, bibliographies, primary and secondary sources, journals, books and other published documents, etc. Most upper-level college professors expect their students to know how to write a research paper by the time they have reached their class or course – which they should have learned in freshman English Composition; however, students may find themselves being assigned the research papers in other classes as well, including those beyond the freshman year, to not only develop their writing skills but to master the techniques and conventions (the useful practices and rules) of formal, academic research. It is the skill they will be able to use for the rest of their lives – and certainly beyond their academic career. The research paper also introduces the student to an array of possibilities for learning, helping them to consistently discover information that helps them make sense out of the world that is rarely orderly, classified and compartmentalized. This type of assignment helps the student find similarities and differences, think critically about practical problems, issues, and topics, and trains them to order information and knowledge into meaningful patterns – habits of mind that are developed and cultivated with a thorough, rigorous education, which are then ingrained in the student’s way of thinking to benefit them for a lifetime. In essence, like the purpose of education itself, research paper assignments help the student by teaching them how to advance their education on their own. The student’s ability to find and evaluate information – which is strengthened most effectively through writing research papers – will benefit them in their chosen career field after college and even in their personal life. For example, if a student wants to be a journalist, but they have no idea how to conduct interviews or even how to write an article for a newspaper, they can learn how to do so by conducting thorough research; if a student is worried their grandmother is being illegally exploited financially by a lawyer or creditor, that same student, having no knowledge of legalities, could research laws and guidelines to better protect their loved one. Or a dairy farmer knowing a nuclear power plant is going up within a mile of their farm will need to research the hazards of nuclear energy and how it may affect their crops. There are an infinite number of practical applications for the skills one learns through doing the kind of research needed to write a re search paper. Weve got a good guideline for writing a research paper: How to Write a Research Paper The kind of research papers assigned in higher education are not the ones given mostly in secondary education, where a student has to provide a very basic, general overview of a subject. That may call for a research paper on the life of the Benjamin Franklin, the history of New York City, or the implications of Emancipation Proclamation. But in college or at the university level a student may be assigned a research paper where they have to take a stance on a certain subject, basically an argumentative research paper, with a thesis and evidence to support their argument; or, if they’re assigned an analytical research paper, they must evaluate and use their logical reasoning skills to further their understanding of a topic, subject or issue. We have developed considerable expertise in college and university research paper writing and provide quality academic writing services and guidance to your request. Place your order  now to get your research paper on time.

Frankfurt School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frankfurt School - Essay Example This Public Institution began in 1923, where Marxism was the main theory as part of the Institute's proceedings. It was the first Institute of Research that followed Marxism. This change took place so as to do away with the Christian Religion and ideologies that involved the lives of the European people and other relevant matters. The members of the Frankfurt School developed a theory that was meant to change the entire system by which people of that century were living. The Frankfurt School was in full gear to wipe out Christianity completely not only from the lives of all students but even in the social circle and within families. Their main aim was to create a turning point in society where philosophical theory (metaphysics) did not fit into their concept and their outlook to life was a material world that depended on logical reasoning. This was an era of modernization with the synopsis of Marxism. Max Horkheimer took charge as Director of this institute in the year 1930. Horkheimer laid stress on the connection between Social philosophy and science. This institute developed a social theory that involved different branches of learning that could serve as an implementing tool to radically reform social conditions. This theory involved a combination of sociology, psychology, cultural and political economy along with the social and philosophical theory termed as "synthesis of social and philosophical theory". It also supported women's rights, racial equality, different kinds of post-colonial criticism. One of the series of studies that was vivid at the Institute of Social Research were the theories that involved exclusive trading privilege in the capital markets along with the advancement and functions of technology. It also involved trade between large dominant Corporate in the capital markets. In this study it also showed the deterioration of both "democracy" and "the identity of an individual". It also revealed the part played by the various cultures in the trading societies and the communication involved which gave rise to modernization in these various societies. It connected theories that were to take their place in the heart of social reformation making it last for many decades to come. The individuals involved in such thinking belonged to different branches of learning with a high level of intelligence. This intellectual thinking enabled them to keep the fundamentals of social theory always responsive and active even during a difficult historical era. During these tough situations these

Experiment Mitosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experiment Mitosis - Essay Example Cell division is a fundamental process in both plants and animals’ growth and development as well as recreation. This paper investigates the mitosis process in both plants and animals’ cells to identify distinct stages of mitosis and the structure of cells at each stage. The experiment identifies similarity in mitotic stages for cells in both plants and animals. The mitotic process leads to division of one parent cell to form two identical daughter cells that can further undergo subsequent mitotic divisions. Introduction Cells are the fundamental elements of living things, both plants and animals. Consequently, realized mechanisms originate from cells and manifest in organs and the entire organism. Mitosis and meiosis are some of the fundamental processes that take place at the cell level. They refer to cell divisions that lead to generation of new cells to replace dead or worn out cells, generation of cells for development of organs, and cell division towards growth. M itosis leads to generation of identical daughter cells for growth or replacement of cells in organs. It takes place in a number of stages, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 77- 80). The interphase is a preliminary stage in cell division that precedes the mitotic stages. It is fundamental as it forms the largest percentage of a cell’s life. The major activity at this stage is replication of cell proteins within cells and developments to visibility of cell nucleoli. Mitosis however has four stages that result into cell division. The first stage is the prophase, followed by metaphase, anaphase, and telophase respectively (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 79). At the prophase, â€Å"strands of chromosomes begin to condense† and can be seen with the aid of a powered microscope. Visibility of the nucleoli however disappears while fibers develop in the cell’s cytoplasm. The developed fibers emanates from a pair of centrosomes that stretch to opposite poles of the cytoplasm. Disintegration of the â€Å"nuclear membrane begins† at this stage and marks the end of the prophase and the process moves to the metaphase (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 79). At the metaphase stage, the chromosomes are arranged along a plate that is perpendicular to the centrioles’ plane and the â€Å"spindle fibers† interlink the centrosomes and the chromosomes (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 79). A new phase, the anaphase is then marked by disintegration of chromosomes into centromeres that are then attracted to the centrosomes along the fibers (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 79). The cell then enters a new phase, the telophase, where the pulled chromosomes converge at the opposite sides of the cell, along the fibers and the nuclear membrane begins to reappear. Each set of chromosomes assumes the normal thread like structure and the nuclear membrane develop around each group of chromosomes to form two nucleuses within the cytoplasm (Toole and Toole, p. 139). The cytokinesis process, where the cytoplasm divides to form two different cells then follows this (Goldberg and Goldberg, p. 79- 80). The structure of the cells in plants and in animals may however be different. This is because of a number of factors such as the lack of significance of the spindle fibers in the plant cells. The nucleus, rather than spindle fibers in plant cells, moves to define the new position of chromosomes in the mitosis process (Cassimeris, Plopper and Lingappa, p. 952). This paper seeks to explore mitosis in plants and animals’ cells. It aims at describing chromosomal events in mitosis, differentiating between plants and animal cytokinesis, and explaining why mitotic divisions are necessary in living systems. Materials and methods The experiment used the following materials and equipments Allium root tip slide Whitefish blastula slide Living onion roots Acetic oxcelin Mitosis models Methods Using a prepare d slide of onion root tip and a 4x objective, a

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay Example for Free

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay 1. Analyze inductive/deductive reasoning. Inductive criminal investigative assessments: The inductive approach to profiling is a based on the simple premise that If certain crimes committed by different people are similar, then the offenders must also share some type of personality traits. (Holmes Holmes, 2009) Inductive reasoning seems to be the more scientific of the two as it is strictly based on criminals that have committed the same or same type of crime. It is much quicker as it is strictly based upon statistics and easily conducted (with the proper databases) searches based on the types of crimes. When you combine the simplicity and the speed at which it can be done, it would seem it would be a foregone conclusion that this is the technique to use. However, inductive assessments are not completely reliable due to no connection to the current crime and strictly relegated to using similar facts and types of crimes to aid in creating a profile. Deductive criminal investigative assessments: From a thorough analysis of the crime scene and the evidence left at the crime scene, the profiler is able to construct a mental picture of the unknown offender. (Holmes Holmes, 2009). Deductive profiling is based upon the artistic ability of putting together the available information and picturing the events that occurred and the offenders that committed these events. Deductive profiling is more complex and takes longer to conduct a thorough enough investigation to begin putting the pieces together to form the entire puzzle. Deductive profiling is much more reliable as it is based on information pertinent to the specific crime committed and not simply based upon similar types of crime that are typically not in any way related to the current crime being investigated. The most popular form of profiling is a combined inductive/deductive profiling. Using inductive profiling, you would compile statistics about similar crimes and use the similarities between the multiple offenders and begin to form the outline of your profile. Using the crime scene information, you would then begin to evaluate from a perspective that is specific to your crime scene and not based on similarities in crimes. Upon completion of using your criminal database to build you outline, you would then apply the specific data derived from the crime scene and begin to apply the details of the offender to complete your profile. Holmes, R. and Holmes, S. (2009). Profiling Violent Crimes, an Investigative Tool (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 2. Goals of criminal profiling 1. Provide the Criminal Justice system with a social and psychological assessment of the offender. Goal 1 is to provide a detailed assessment of the offender which should include specifics (i.e. race, gender, employment, age range, etc.) that narrows the possibilities in which law enforcement can focus their efforts and reduce the scope of the investigation. 2. Provide the Criminal Justice systems with a Psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender. Goal 2 is specific to the physical evidence and relevant information in a case and how it relates to the specific offenders psychological profile. This will help in the case by adding to the offenders profile and by helping derive locations, times, etc.. 3. Provide interviewing suggestions and strategies. Goal 3 is to help investigators get to the ground truth, through different methods, during the interrogation process. Different types of people respond to different stimulus, therefore different strategies must be emplaced based upon multiple categories your offender falls into.

Gatsby Essay :: essays research papers

Gatsby Essay Who is the real hero of the novel Nick or Gatsby ? discuss In the novel the great Gatsby we can look at two people as the heros, but they are both heros in a different manner . Nick could be seen as a hero because of the way he struggled to help Gatsby realize his dream and the other hero is Gatsby himself who we can see as a hero because of the way he took the blame for the woman he loved and she didn’t even acknowledge him after his death . Nick was born in the poor part of town but still although curious did not have any real desire to be part of the rich mans world . It was sort of brought upon him by Gatsby who need him in his plan to get to Daisy . He was the piece of the puzzle that Gatsby was missing for so long he was the missing link in the chain of events that would proceed . Some could call what he did , getting Gatsby and Daisy together an act of a man who was a Hero or just an act of kindness towards another human being . I trend to see Nick as being a hero in some ways because of the way he thought but not really in the way he acted he wasn’t overly strong or courageous like the typical stereotype we have a hero to look like . Nick was more of a modern day hero in his own right . Gatsby on the other hand although not a hero in the sense of a physically strong man who saves the lives of distressed people . But he is a hero more in the sense that he is totally devoted to one woman most of his life . Then when it looks as if she is going to get into trouble for the death of Mrytle after she hit her with Gatsby’s car Gatsby heroicly comes in and hides the car and destroys the evidence to save his distressed princess from a punishment that he could not handle seeing her take . Then after the inquiries into the accident have finished he rests back waiting for the storm of rumours to blow over but in not letting Daisy take the blame he has shifted all the suspicions onto himself and when Mr Wilson hears about the rumour he is filled with anger towards Gatsby so he kills him .

Findings †secondary research Essay

The Bank of China was established in 1912 and thus has a long history of experience in the Chinese banking industry. The bank gained velocity in 1994, after it assumed the role of a state owned commercial bank and in 2003. The liberalization of Chinese economy and the growth of the banking sector has seen rapid growth of Chinese banks into self sustaining institutions of profit despite state control. Bank of China has been quick to adapt to these changes and has thus benefited over the years. The overall business profile of the Bank of China involves, commercial to include corporate as well as retail banking. In addition it has engaged in treasury business as well as conducts financial institutions banking. The corporate banking segment provides financial services to customers with a view to provide them total solutions for all their financial requirements. (About Bank of China,. 2006). On the other hand retail banking is designed to provide customers personal banking services to include savings deposits, credit carts and to the high value customers wealth management business. The treasury business segment includes provision of facilities for currency trading, management of funds, secured debts, financing within and overseas and other ancillary fund management services. As a banking financial institution, the Bank of China provides clearing, lending between banks and custodian services to banks, brokerage houses, funds and insurance operators. The bank claims to be customer centered and has a rich experience of providing banking services, thereby establishing its credentials in the rapidly growing Chinese economy. It is thus providing a complete range of services for personal as well as business banking. HSBC as a prime component of the HSBC group has a vast experience and presence in the global banking industry. HSBC has enhanced its global presence over the years by dynamically adjusting to the growing challenge of fitting in global services in a local World with typical local needs. Thus it fashions itself as the Worlds local bank. HSBC provides a wide range of personal and business banking packages on a variety of platforms to provide value based services to the customer. These have been covered in detail in the previous chapter. To highlight the same a view of the wide range of business insurance packages that have been made available by the bank, to include virtually all the possible contingencies for which insurance is required by business such as small business for turnover less than ? 1 million or less than 10 employees, commercial packaged insurance, customer packaged insurance, business car insurance, keyman insurance for principals in the business should indicate the depth of services provided by it. The insurance package also covers share holders and partners, professional indemnity and trade credit. It is therefore evident that HSBC has been providing complete banking solutions for individuals as well as corporate. Questionnaire to Customers – Bank of China and HSBC The researcher prepared a questionnaire related to the study and 40 clients across a wide cross section of personal and corporate customers were requested to take part in it. These included 10 customers each from Bank of China and HSBC, London. The questionnaire is at Appendix. Multiple choices have been provided to the respondents to ease response as well as collation and analysis. Detailed findings on response to questionnaire are as given below.

Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism Essay

Introduction Many definitions explain tourism from different scholars to suit the purposes of respective writers. In this case, the following definition of tourism will be of use. Tourism is ‘the activities of people traveling to as well as staying in places particularly outside their respective usual environment for at least not more than one year consecutively for leisure or business and any other purposes (Johnston, Gregory et al, 2000: 840). Tourism is not ideally an industry precisely in the traditional sense; rather, it is an activity, which takes place well over a number of sectors (in specific accommodation, retail trade, cafes and restaurants, and transport). Because of this, measuring the impact of tourism economically, socially or any other impact whether positive or negative is complex (Croall 1995, p.67). The economic relevance of tourism can be assessed particularly in terms of the contribution it has on the total value of services and goods produced in the economy, also on th e export dollars, which it creates through the sale of services and goods to overseas visitors as well as the jobs it creates. This is a direct impact positive in the economy with Tourism appearing to grow in relevance within the economy (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). However, there are many other negative and positive impacts relating directly to tourism. Conversely, while there is potential ideally for continued projects growth there is still lack of understanding especially within the communities as to the prevailing possible or negative impacts that tourism may bring (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). This, therefore, calls for a sustainable conducting of tourism and always being ready for situations. This paper examines the impacts of tourism whether negative or positive with a suggestion that, on balance, tourism’s contribution is positive. Analysis of tourism’s contribution to Australia generally focuses on the economic value of tourist spending. In the year 2000, the ABS published the National Accounts of Australian: Satellite Account, 1998 (5249.0). The publication represents ideally the first ABS attempt to practically, put tourism into an accounting framework nationally. Tourism is ideally not a  conventional industry especially in the System of National Accounts (SNA 93). Its definition is by the customer (visitor) but not on the product produced (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). The satellite account (TSA) generally creates a broad picture of the industry that allows it to compare to conventional industries for instance agriculture, retail trade and manufacturing (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). However, more in the focus has been on the economic aspect of tourism and the positive impacts the industry has on the economies of respective countries. The gross domestic product of tourism (TGDP) estimates and tourism gross value added generally relate to the impact of tourism activity directly, but there is more to the impacts of tourism than just the economic value (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). It is great to look into tourism in the economic field before conducting analysis of whether the practice is overly positive or negative. Tourism is ideally a multimillion-dollar industry for many countries. According to the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), it is the world’s stable and fastest growing industry predicted that ideally, by the end of the coming decade at least a quarter of billion persons will be working within the tourism and travel sector (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). Out of this, there is a perception that this is the best development tool for many less developed countries. Looking at it from this perspective, it is highly arguable that overly, the industry is more positive with impacts in such sectors (Croall 1995, p.67). However, there is a negative impact on the same note. Although communities within a local region gain a financial infusion in tourism, many factors determine the proportion of income that remains within the local economy (Croall 1995, p.67). This is because many large multinational corporations for instance tour operators retain the largest proportion of tourism’s profits, with the remainder lost via several forms of leakage, for instance soft drinks, that are, imported particularly from outside the local community ideally at a high cost (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). This is, therefore, negative is a terrific way because it drains away most of the  countries revenue and drags down the economy. However, looking at it in a more positive way (Murray 2009, p.186-208), the industry in maintenance, construction, and operation of tourist facilities, complements the drained capital therefore no cause of alarm to overrule the positives of the industry (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). On a different perspective, tourism is impressive and controls its operations, therefore, maintaining as a stable practice across the globe, which has more of positive affects (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). In the modern tourism industry, the practice has taken a different approach, and it I now practiced as ecotourism (Acott and La Trobe, 134-156). Ecotourism ideally draws on many concepts. It can be defined generally as, a sustainable tourism form focusing on learning and experiencing about nature. It should be ethical in management in order to be oriented locally, low-impact, non-consumptive and small scale (Acott and La Trobe, 134-156). Richards and Hall (2000, p.89-97) suggested that sustainable tourism practically takes into account many features. These are social, environmental, cultural, economic, political, managerial and governmental (Croall 1995, p.67). Although it is accepted widely that sustainability is among the most relevant issues faced by the industry, there has been claims that because of sustainable tourism ideally being a loosely defined concept, the industry has to simple terms adopted it for the purposes of marketing (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). However, sustainable tourism is a positive impact and one that should be hailed in the industry because it conserves the environment and adds to the sustainability of the ecological niche (Acott and La Trobe, 134-156). More to the positive of the tourism industry, it generates jobs for many economies and the people in respective countries. This, therefore, makes it an exciting industry and one that is critical in any economy (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). It develops more of positive impacts and supports the concept that overly, on balance, tourism’s contribution is positive (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). Hotels, tour operators and airlines are the most visible businesses in the tourism industry, but many more people get employment in the tourism industry, or indirectly benefit from it  (Croall 1995, p.67). As visitors’ dollars transact within the economy, they spread throughout the country’s economy benefiting the community in many positive ways (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). The high rates of employment in various sectors are what yields as positive in the industry bringing in a better future for many citizens of a particular country. It also brings down the dependence level in such a way that, people can have the ability to support themselves with the daily bread. This ultimately comes up with a big solution to the crimes that people engage in search of daily bread. The ultimate positive impact is a high-secured community and continuous development through massive investment. On the other hand, the environment quality, both man-made and natural, is critical to tourism. Nevertheless, tourism’s relationship particularly with the environment is exceedingly complex (Murray 2009, p.186-208). It generally involves several activities, which can have some adverse environmental effects (Croall 1995, p.67). Many of these impacts link with the construction of infrastructure such as airports and roads, and of tourism facilities, which includes resorts, hotels, golf courses, restaurants, shops, and marinas. The negative impacts of the overall tourism development can destroy the environmental resources gradually on which it solely depends (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). However, this cannot rule out the fact that tourism as also holds positive effects in the environment (Murray 2009, p.186-208). It is arguable that tourism has an extraordinary potential in creating beneficial effects on the environment by highly contributing to environmental conservation and protection, therefore, poses as a positive impact to the environment (Haywantee and Ramesh 2000, p. 356-407). It is a way to, ideally raise awareness of values of the environment and it can serve generally as a tool to finance natural areas protection and increment of their economic importance. It is equally vital to note that socially, tourism has an enormous influence on the host societies (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). Ideally, Tourism can be a source of international peace, amity, and understanding (Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). However, on the dark side, it can be a destroyer of indigenous cultures (Ray 1998, p.3-20), a direct ecological destruction source, and an  assault of people’s dignity, privacy, and authenticity (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). This is, therefore, a point of argument in favor of both positive and negative impacts of tourism (Murray 2009, p.186-208). Some of the positive effects of tourism include the development of positive attitudes towards one another (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). Among others is the eventual learning of each other’s customs and cultures, reduction of negative stereotypes and perceptions, friendships developments, development of pride, respect, appreciation, understanding, and tolerance for one another’s culture (Ray 1998, p.3-20; Doan 2000, p. 267-288). There are more to positives on the social field, which includes the increment of self-esteem of tourists and hosts, psychological satisfaction particularly with interaction and many others than outdo the negatives therefore supporting the argument that, in balance, tourism’s contribution is positive (Croall 1995, p.67). It is essential to add that more on the greater end of positives, social contacts between the local people and tourists may result in ideal mutual appreciation, family bonding respect, tolerance, awareness, understanding, learning, and liking (Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). Residents on one hand received education regarding the outside world without having to leave their homes, while respective visitors learn about another distinctive culture significantly (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). Local communities, therefore, receive more benefits through contribution by the industry to the social infrastructure improvement like health care institutions, schools, libraries, internet cafes, and so on (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). On the other hand, if local culture is the main base for tourist’s attraction to the region, this greatly helps in preserving the local handicrafts and traditions, which maybe at a time were on the verge of the extinction meaning that it is a greater and more positive attribute of the tourism industry (Croall 1995, p.67). A prominent example is the Uzbekistan, particularly in the famous regions as Buhara, Samarqand, and Horezm. The tourists substantially contribute enormously to the preservation of the established traditional handcrafting, hammered copper work, wood carving, handmade carpets and silk, and of course to maintenance and preservation of  historical and architectural monuments. The past activities bestowed to tourism as the main founder and the root cause of the same show clearly that the industry has a immense potential of highlighting more impacts that are positive (Doan 2000, p. 267-288). For instance, since Uzbekistan proclaimed independence early in 1991, there were many monuments and museums, opened and renovated in promoting the national traditions and culture (Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). Growing interest in the respective culture makes the people locally tremendously proud of their life. However, on the other side, the industry is known more in some parts of the globe as increasing hostility, tension, and suspicion (Ray 1998, p.3-20). Richards and Hall (2000, p.89-97) claims that ideas of tourism being a vital force for peace are mere exaggerations. To him, indeed, there is little evidence, which tourism is ideally drawing the world together (Murray 2009, p.186-208). However, no surmountable evidence can be in provision to overrule the positives of tourism with such claims of tensions and hostilities. It is arguable that successful development of any form of resource can lead to heavy negative impacts. This is similar to many others cases for instance development of cities and slum dwellings around a region, which bring in varied effects to the particular region. Among them include, assimilation, conflict, overdevelopment, and artificial reconstruction (Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). This should, therefore be a point of argument to enhance controls, which can handle such situations. While presenting a culture in a particular region, tourists at times may preserve the culture in some way but also can dilute and destroy it (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). The point is promoting tourism in the region in a way that it would give both incomes as well as create respect for the local cultures and traditions (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). Additionally, it is crucial to look into ecology and the impacts tourism has in a way that it will help bring up a better, and considerable argument in favor or negation of the idea that, in balance, tourism’s contribution is positive (Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). There are both positive and  negative impacts of tourism particularly on the local ecology (Murray 2009, p.186-208). The tourist industry often grows well into mass-tourism. This leads to the over consumption, lack of resources and pollution (David and Ray 2010, p. 449-473). Nevertheless, from the ecological view, tourism is more often preferable and acceptable than any other production industrially, as it is friendlier to the environmental (Deardon and Harron 1994, p. 81-102). This point gives the industry a plus and supports the idea that in balance, tourism’s contribution is positive (Richards and Hall 2000, p.89-97). The problem is that normally, it is not easy to change the established traditional way of life precisely of the local communities this is because it creates pseudo conflicts. Without a doubt, in many countries or regions the alternative industries are more harmful environmentally than tourism besides that in several countries of the Pacific and Asia. For instance in Samoa, Cook Islands, and others, tourism is the key source of income and relatively the friendliest sector to the environment (Haywantee and Ramesh 2000, p. 356-407; Bramwell and Henry 1996, p.45). Conclusion Tourism is not ideally an industry precisely in the traditional sense; rather, it is an activity, which takes place well over a number of sectors (in specific accommodation, retail trade, cafes and restaurants, and transport). Because of this, measuring the impact of tourism economically, socially or any other impact whether positive or negative is complex. Evidence shows that the impact of tourism particularly on local communities can be both negative and positive, whether it comes to social, economic, or environmental effects. It generally depends to which extent that the tourism industry is developed particularly in each region. What determines the nativity or positivist of the industry is, each region bearing capacity. This means, the limit of the incoming influence, which does not harm the community. Thus, the argument on the positives and negatives of the tourism industry remains wide open. There is no clear cut on which side overrides the other, but on mere grounds, the positives are many than the negatives. It is arguable that though there are many negatives of tourism, the positives complement the same and are better and more grounded. It is  therefore arguable that, on balance, tourism’s contribution is positive. References Acott, T. and La Trobe, H 1998, an evaluation of deep Eco-tourism and shallow Eco-tourism, Journal of sustainable tourism, 6(3) 134-156 Bramwell, B and Henry, I 1996, Sustainable Tourism Management: Principles and Practice, Tilburg: University Press, p.45 Croall, J 1995, Preserve or destroy – tourism and the environment, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation: London, p.67 David, G and Ray, S 2010, Climate change-induced economic impacts on tourism destinations: the case of Australia, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3) p. 449-473 Deardon, P and Harron, S 1994, Alternative tourism and adaptive change, Annals of tourism research, 21: 81-102 Doan, M 2000, the effects of ecotourism in developing nations: an analysis of case studies, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8 (4): 267-288 Haywantee, R and Ramesh, D 2000, the Environmental Impacts of Tourism at the Casela Nature and Leisure Park, Mauritius, The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability 2(3) 356-407 Murray, C 2009, an integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods, Community Development Journal 44(2):186-208 Ray, C 1998, Culture, intellectual property and territorial rural development, Sociologia Ruralis, 38: 3-20 Richards, G and Hall, D 2000, Tourism and Sustainable Community Development, Routledg e: London, p.89-97

Bitch essays

Bitch essays William Henry Harrison was born the youngest of seven kids in 1773, at his familys plantation in Charles City County, Virginia. His father, Benjamin Harrison, was into politics and was a statesman. His mother, Elizabeth Basset, was a housewife. He studied classics and history at Hampden-Sydney College, and then began the study of medicine in Richmond. In 1791, however, he switched interests. He decided to pursue his military career. Harrison wanted to be a soldier when he was eighteen. He asked none other than George Washington if he could become a soldier. Washington decided to make him an officer, because he wanted Harrison to rise high in the army. A week later, Harrison received his officer uniform, complements of George Washington. Harrison was in the First U.S. Infantry, and was sent on duty to the Northwest Territory. In 1794 he was cited for bravery after fighting in the Battle of Fallen Timbers against a group of Native American peoples. The following year he was made Commander of Fort Washington in Ohio. Soon after, he married Anna Symmes. Harrison resigned from the army in 1798 and became Secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he was elected territorial delegate to the Congress of the United States. As delegate, he persuaded Congress to divide the public lands of the territory into small homestead lots. In 1800, Harrison pressed legislation to create the Indiana Territory, of which he was appointed governor. During his twelve years as governor of the territory, he persuaded native peoples to give their claims in almost the whole territory by getting them drunk. To me, this was his first major mistake in his political career. When Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa formed an alliance of Native American Peoples to oppose further conquest of their lands, Harrison came back to the army to lead a powerful American force against them i ...

Using the French Expression Oh làlÃÂ

Using the French Expression Oh l l The French phrase oh l l isnt so much an expression as an interjection. It can indicate surprise, disappointment, commiseration, distress, or annoyance. The phrase is used to express any moderately strong reaction to something that was just said or done, for example: Oh l l ! Jai oublià © mon portefeuille! Oh no, I forgot my wallet! You can strengthen the phrase by adding more  ls, but you need to do so in pairs. Using and Misusing Oh l l A native French speaker might use the expression as follows. Suppose this person is passing through Charles de Gaulle Airport, which is near Paris. Imagine that the man is looking at souvenirs and knocks over a small Eiffel Tower made of glass, causing it to shatter. He might exclaim: Oh l  l l  l l  l!  (Note how he inserted four extra  ls- two pairs of two- to heighten his expression of annoyance or mortification.) Another example might be a French native speaker playing poker. Suppose the card player draws an ace to give her four aces, generally a winning hand. She might use the phrase as follows:   Oh l l l l ! (a beat) l l! Note that in English, this expression is often used in to talk about something risquà ©. It tends to be misspelled in these occurrences and mispronounced as ooh la la. It is also usually said fairly slowly and with the first word comically elongated. That is not the way to use the expression correctly in French. Pronouncing and Defining Oh l l Click the link for [o la la] to bring up a sound file that will let you hear how to correctly pronounce the phrase. Click the link a couple of times, listen carefully, and then repeat the saying until you are able to pronounce it correctly. Though the phrase does, indeed, translate as Oh dear, Oh my, or Oh no, its literal translation is Oh there, there. That would make little sense in English, hence the generally accepted, and more emotional, translations. Using  Oh l l in Conversation According to The Local, there are many ways to correctly use this versatile interjection: For example, you show someone your new ring and they say, Oh l l cest trop jolie!  (Oh my god it’s so pretty!) It is high, light and happy. The Stockholm-based website devoted to European languages and culture, including French, warns that you should not use the phrase for particularly negative situations, such as  a car barreling  through a pedestrian crossing nearly knocking  you over, a biker ringing his bell at you, or someone cutting in front of you in line at the grocery store. There are other  French phrases  that are more appropriate for those kinds of situations. But the expressive phrase is really a useful one to employ if you are visiting France: (There are) moments when Oh l l l l l l  is really the only way you can express your frustration/anger/hanger (hunger anger). It is satisfying. If you live in Paris long enough, says the website, it will become an automatic part of your vocabulary, adding that at this the point, youll know youre really turning Parisian.

Personal case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal - Case Study Example I major in Hutment development and leadership with concentration area of the HDL in Murray state. I anticipate graduating on 5th October 2014. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory My life dates back when I was a little girl. I was a jovial and playful baby. The people around me were truthful which led to the elemental sense of my trustworthiness. I depended on my mother and my father for care, comfort and sustenance. By this time, my relative comprehension of the world came from my parents, particularly my mother, and their interactions with me. My parents’ regularity, warmth and reliable fondness exposed me to a world ruled by trust. There was no point in my life that my parents failed to offer a secure surrounding to meet my basic need. Just like noted under Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, this would have created mistrust which would have resulted to suspicions, lack of confidence, withdrawal and frustration to me. Just like the Erik Erikson’s theory explains, m y mother and father took good care of me as I went through a critical stage of growth. It is essential that a child is taken good care at that age since trust and mistrust can be gained and affect the future life of the child. The theory explains how the child gains mistrust to the surrounding people if he is mishandled. The care giver that I had was appropriate in terms of response and attendance. My parents ensured that they responded on time for any need that required them to attend me. Handling me with great concern was one of the critical factors that shaped me to what I am today. During this age nearing two years, I learned about love from the surrounding. I gained immense affection from the attendance they offered me. When I needed anything, my parents ensured that they provide for me and responded to my cries in the best way possible. This contributed towards achieving the strong platforms that am founded on. The theory explains that when an infant fails to have trust toward s his or her care givers, he embraces mistrust towards the surrounding and the entire care givers. Contrary to this, I gained trust towards them and the entire surroundings. This enabled me to have an interesting life as I went through this stage. I also went on my life embracing the aspect of secure world. As I grew older, I started to choose cloths by myself. By the age of 3, I had gained control over eliminative roles and would make choices in my life while I explored the environment around me. Needless to say, my parents still provided a secure environment where I would carry out my own activities at will. My parents were patient and would wait to look at my choices and would correct me if I had gone wrong at some point. At this time of my life, I had developed a strong interest in reading and played with the radio. My parents gave me a chance to express myself and be using different things inside the house and outside. I realized that I could move my limbs through the support o f items like the table. After my parents realized that I could move through the support of a items, they bought me a walker that I used to move swiftly with. The walker gave me confidence of moving and enhanced my muscles, where I later decided to walk on my own without support. During this period, I was about two years and was going through the stage of autonomy verses shame and doubt. This is a theory well explained by Erik. I learned many things that allowed me to express myself

Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Field of Gastrointestinal Diseases Essay

Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Field of Gastrointestinal Diseases - Essay Example Through imaging the physician can advice the patients with such diseases the cure and treatment. With the help of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, the imaging of IBD may be performed with In-111Leukocytes and Tc-99m Leukocytes. Nuclear Imaging can assess the conditions and situation of the gastrointestinal tract of the patient. With detailed observation the physician can advice the patients on what medicine to take to cure the said disease. Medicine is the science and art concerned with treating diseases so with preservation of one's health. It is a branch of healing art that deals with restoration of life and curing diseases by administration of drugs. Medicine is a very wide subject but it all includes all the sciences that are under the healing art and all varieties of curative treatment. Not only is it all about treating but also about preventive and the discussion of causation (Universal Encyclopedia, 1993). The development and classification of medical science have proceeded by gradual steps from very early times. The year 1543 marks an important point in the development of modern medicine. It was Andreas Versalius who published De Humani Corposis Fabrica (The Fabric of Human Body) in that year. It was a first great achievement for in that book the real structure of human body was revealed. Versalius undermined the widespread of reverence for authority in science and prepared a way for independent observation in anatomy and medicine. After that achievement there was a lot of upgrades in the field of medicine. The works and achievement of Pasteur in the field of Microbiology, Mendel in the field Genetics, and Darwin in Evolutionary Biology has greatly influenced and advanced the field of Medicine. As Medicine has been developing into more knowledge about the art of healing researches and more studies have been done. Among to its advancements are the discovery of tissue grafting. Transplants of organs are now possible and have saved many lives already. Born with the improvement in the field of Medicine is Nuclear Medicine. This field of Medicine is a science of healing that uses radiation to provide or give information about the person's anatomy and the functioning activity of the specific organs. With the information given to the physician, the doctor can provide and recommend proper diagnosis and treatment. Examples of conditions that can be checked with this field are cancer, heart diseases, thyroid disorders, bone disorders and gastrointestinal diseases (Nuclear Imaging, 2006). This field of Medicine is actually a sect specialty with in the field of radiology. The diagnostic examination that results from the images of body anatomy and functionality is comprised in this field. Nuclear medicine is a subspecialty within the field of radiology. The images are developed based on the detection of energy emitted from a radioactive substance given to the patient, either intravenously or by mouth. Generally, radiation to the patient is similar to that resulting from standard x-ray examinations (Nuclear Medicine, 2006). The substances used in this kind of practice are radio nuclides (radiopharmaceuticals). During examinations the radioactive substances are administered to the patience and the radiation emitted is then measured. Mostly of these examinations involves the formation of an image using a gamma camera. Nuclear medicine can

Differences between underinsured Immigrant Children and American Research Paper

Differences between underinsured Immigrant Children and American Children, and insured children in United States - Research Paper Example Census Bureau 2). According to census report 2007, there were approximately 45.7million uninsured people in the country which the entire world view as the world’s economic giant. This paper will look into the differences between the underinsured immigrants and American children, and the insured children in the United States. Depending on one’s definition of underinsurance, 8 to 26% of privately insured population under 65 years of age is underinsured. Enrollees with group insurance constitute 90% of persons with private insurance and they are a substantial majority of the underinsured (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, from one-third to two-third of all groups of enrollees are underinsured. Under some definitions of underinsurance, women and their dependants are underinsured at about twice the rate for men and their dependants. Even though vulnerable populations are more likely to need healthcare services, many are not able to access them. A number of reasons are cited for this phenomenon, but one of the most problematic is the lack of healthcare insurance. More precisely, in 2007, more than 45 million people in the United States did not have health insurance benefits. These groups are particularly affected by escalating healthcare costs and reductions in service within a community. The elderly, po or children and growing numbers of individuals who are not properly represented in employment are the most affected (Sered and Fernandopulle 19). According to the Child Health web page of the Children’s Defense Fund’s web site, of the nine million uninsured children, 40.8 percent are White, 31.7 percent are Hispanic, 19.8 percent are Black, 5.1 percent are Asian or Pacific Islander and 2.6 percent are American Indian or Alaskan Native. According to United States Census Bureau website, the population of Miami Dade stands at 3.7million. Of this population, 21% of the people are not insured. Of this

Agency Theory Accounting practices

Agency Theory Accounting practices Agency theory the contribution of agency theory to the development of current accounting practices Introduction The aim of this report is to develop a relationship between agency theory and the existing practices of accountancy. In the report, the problem of agent-principal will be described with the main consequences for business-related relationship. After identifying the problem, the accountancy practices will be linked to the issues addressed in model that will be explained. The report will look at a case study related to agency theories and its affects within accounting practices. Finally it will show the ways the accountancy practices meet the problems raised by the agent-principal relationships. The agency theory is a mixture of the relationships between principals and agents, it occurs when principal and the agents create a delegation (Donaldson, L. Davis, J.H., June 1991). Berle and Means 1932 stated that the Agency theory argues that in modern corporation, where share ownership is widely held, managerial actions depart from those required to maximise the shareholders return, this was also backed up by Pratt and Zeckhauser in 1985. According to Jensen and Meckling, 1976, In Agency theory terms, the owners are principals and the managers are agents and there is an Agency loss which is the extent to which returns to the residual claimants, the owners, fall below what they would be if the principals, and the owners, exercised direct control of the corporation (Donaldson, L. Davis, J.H., June 1991). The long term strategies for agency theory include the principle of company, business, franchise, etc providing incentives such as increasing commission, continuing to provide advertising, training and motivation to increase outlet operations. To argue this Carney and Gedajlovic stated that regarding of the exogenous factor, outlet managers have an incentive to shirk and misrepresent their abilities because the firm is hard to differentiate the managers performance behavior (Mathieu, 1997), While the short-term strategies include balancing supply with demand at the shortest turn around time. Agency theory tends to impact business decisions by focusing on establishing incentives as mentioned in the long-term strategies above. However, it may be very costly and may create moral hazards if top management tries to over maximise profits for themselves instead of for the employees. The cost to manage and monitor transactions can affect both the domestic and global financial managers due to the strategy becoming very expensive; nevertheless this strategy can have the negative impact upon the organisations survival. Conflicts of agency theory There is a conflict between principals and agents (shareholders and managers) that can potentially have a devastating business consequence. The cost of monitoring efforts, measuring results and opportunities lost can be substantial. Incentives and disincentives may not result in wanted outcome, when businesses should scan their environment constantly to seek opportunities to meet the interest of their own stakeholders. Agency theory is a small entity of financial economics that looks at conflicts of interest between people that have different interests for the same assets, this means that their will always be constant conflicts between: shareholders managers and shareholders bond holders. These are the reason why organisations make constant acquisitions that tend to be bad for the shareholder, why convertible bonds are preferably used while normal bonds are often sold with warrants and finally shows the importance of capital structures. According to Eisenhardt (1989a), agency theory is devoted to the solution of two problems that can arise from agency relationships. The first problem is goal related and arises when: i) there is a conflict between the goals of the principal and the agent; and ii) the verification of the agents behaviour is difficult or expensive to be verified by the principal. The second problem is risk-related. If the agent and the principal have different attitudes towards risk, it is likely that both will behave differently and in accordance to their risk preferences. Identifying conflicting positions between any two agents and explaining the governance mechanisms underlying these relationships (that limit the agents behaviour) is known as the Positivist agency theory (Eisenhardt, 1989a). A different position is found in the principal-agent research (as opposed to the positivistic agency theory) and relies on a more mathematical and abstract approach to the problem. Although in different perspectives, these two approaches can be complementary as it can be seen in the quotation below (Eisenhardt, 1998a: 60): â€Å"Rather, the important point is that the two streams are complementary: Positivistic theory identifies various contract alternatives, and the principal-agent theory indicates which contract is the most efficient under varying levels of outcome uncertainty, risk aversion, information, and other variables†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Problems of agency theory The major popularity of the application of the agency theory to the relationship between shareholders and the board if directors produced a vast amount of research devoted to this issue. In fact, this phenomenon relates to those cases in which ownership and management are represented by different individuals. Being each individual maximising its utility leads to the existence conflicting positions between the agent and the principal. This became the main focus of research, and justifies the need of such an agency theory. This problematic is in the basis of the role of agent theory in the accountancy practices. According to Bricker and Chandar (1998: 488-489): â€Å"Contracts between shareholders and managers are written in order to reduce agency cost, and thereby, the dead weight loss in firm value as a result of the separation of ownership from control. Accounting is considered to play an important role as an integral part of the contracts that define a firm. For example, lending arrangements between a firm and its creditors often contain several accounting based covenants. Accounting-based bonus plans are frequently a component of executive compensation plans. Accounting measures are commonly used in the performance evaluation of a firms cost and profit centers. Watts and Zimmerman argue [1986, p. 196]: if accounting is an important part of the firms contracting process and agency costs (and hence, firm value and/or managers compensation) vary with different contracts, accounting procedures have the potential to affect firm value and/or the managers compensation. This rationale has given rise to several hypotheses regarding the role of accounting information in market valuation of firms and managers use of accounting discretion.† The table presented below summarises some of the key issues associated with agency theory and relates them to several assumptions of different nature: Key idea Principal agent relationship should reflect efficient organisation of information and risk-bearing costs Unit of analysis Contract between principal and agent Human assumptions Self interest Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organisational assumptions Partial goal conflict among participants Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information assumptions Information as purchasable commodity Contracting problems Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Risk sharing Problem domain Relationships in which the principal and agent have partially differing goals and risk preferences (e.g. compensation, regulation. Leadership, impression management, whistle-blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Table 1: Agency theory overview Source: Eisenhardt (1989a) Development of agency theory Agency cost is a major problem with organisation and with constant fraud cases that are growing around the world their needed to be major development of the theory in accounting practices. A way of developing the theory is to minimise agency costs that can be accomplished through communications, sharing risks and benefits and seeking to balance the scorecards. The theory has developed by establishing performance standards, using cost effective processes, cost management tools and incentives have all helped the problem of managing agency problems. Accountancy provides information to base future decisions on historical performances. Providing accurate information about costs it is possible to predict the result of future production. This perspective is particularly important in the case of, for example, government contracts, in which an agent- principal relationship is also established. For example, Reichelstein (1992) draws upon the agency models to explain government contracts, showing how agency theory can be used to design incentive contracts, and demonstrating that the agency models have actually influenced managerial economics. A different perspective is that accounting provides an opportunity of control from the agent over the principal. In this respect, the insights about the relationship between the shareholders and management were particularly important in demonstrating the role of accountancy as key information provider. To that extent, it was suggested that accountancy reporting is a result of the separation of ownership from management phenomena. Hence, it can be argued that the reporting practice is a result of the agent problem and serves the control needed to verify the agents performance. Another perspective was the budget development based on historical accounts. Contracts usually include a price for production which has not taken place yet. The pricing of these contracts has to be based on historical costs that can only be provided by accountancy. To that extent, accountancy practice is not a result of the agent-principal problem but is originated to avoid uncertainty in principal-agent relationships. case realted study to agency theory Taking a prime example of Enron and its relationship with accounting practices clearly show the affects of agency theory within an accounting practice can affect organisations. The collapse of Enron was entirely related to the accounting practices adopted by the company. It has a number of these questionable, and in some cases straight out fraudulent, accounting practices that pertained to the most dramatic collapse of a major company in years. An analysis of some of these accounting practices brings to light the problems with the use of concepts such as mark-to-market accounting and the use of special purpose entitys (SPEs), the interrelation of agency theory suggests that the basic ideals surrounding agency theory applied to the Enron Case at some point in time, however the continuation of this principal deteriorated as time went on. The agency theory was clearly an issue in Enrons case because the managers of the firm were transferring wealth from the shareholders to themselves in the form of stock performance. Not only were there the Shareholders to Management agency problem there was also an employer to employee agency problem. With regard to the shareholder to management problem, the shareholders had placed a large amount of decision-making capability onto the management team and had not successfully monitored the agents behaviour. Given that the managers had all come to Enron with a strong reputation, it was expected that they â€Å"would act in the interest of the shareholders. [As such the shareholders] had monitored the managers performance very little† (Godfrey et al, 2008). As a shareholder, it would have been in the best interests to implement monitoring costs to â€Å"measure, observe and control† Schillings behaviour. Unfortunately this would not have been enough. The introduction of Fa stow, described as â€Å"a genius† in a number of sources, allowed for the performance of Enron to appear strong even in dire times. The use of SPEs and mark-to-market accounting allowed for the â€Å"reduction of monitoring costs by incurring bonding costs [in the form of quarterly statements]† that allowed Enron to perform better than it appeared. Another point that links is that the agency theory is the â€Å"the principal will remunerate the agent according to the principals expectations of how much the agents behaviour is likely to be contrary to the principals interests† (Godfrey et al, 2008). Given that managers of Enron were all major shareholders of the company the focus was on driving the share price up which was done by a process called â€Å"pump and dump; this process involved buying up the share price and then selling out† (Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room) this allowed the directors to maintain high remuneration because they were achieving high share prices for the principals and also allowed them to gain from share price rises before selling out at the top. Finally, the principal-agent relationship that occurs between Skilling and Fastow (CEO of Enron) is that of an employee to employer. This relationship is important because it â€Å"emphasises the importance of the ability to monitor employees work efforts† (Akdere, Azvedo, 2004). Skilling and Ken Lay claim that they were unaware of what Fastow was doing with regards to the financial statements, however, Skilling and Lay were acting as the agents for the shareholders as well as acting as the principals for Fastow. Their involvement in such transactions as the one with LJM were â€Å"not only disclosed to the board at a meeting which took place in 1999, but the board approved of [Fastows] participation, following a recommendation to this effect from the then CEO and Chairman, Ken Lay† (Deakin, Konzelmann, 2004). From this we can clearly see that Lay, Skilling and Fastow were all part of the agency problem that occurred. conclusion This report has shown that several areas of accounting have been affected by the agency theory model. This theory has defiantly had implications in the financial accounting, management accounting and in corporate finance. Nevertheless, the strongest argument that relates to agency theory with accountancy mainly relies in the nature of both, the accounting and agency theory rely on the existence of contracts, these contracts rely at the core of the relationship between agents and the principal. Furthermore agency theorys core role is the risk associated with the relationship whereas accountancy reduces risk by providing information about the agents in action. Additionally reporting previous behaviours of the agent showing that the historical agent has kept the conditions of contract, may provide indications for the principal about the future behaviour of agents; increasing trust levels in the relationship and reducing the risk associated with relations. In conclusion, the current features (and practices) of accountancy meet the agency model problems proving the information to avoid opportunistic behaviours and ensuring that relational contracts are met. Referances Journals Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D., Donaldson, L. (1997), Toward a stewardship theory of management, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No.1, pp.20-47. Berle, A. and G. Means, 1932, The Modern Corporation and private property (New York, Maacmillan) Jones, D. R. Butler, J.E, 1992, Managing internal corporation entrepreneurship: an agency theory perspective (Journal of Management) Bricker, R. and Chandar, N. (1998). On Applying Agency Theory in Historical Accounting Research. Business and Economic History 27(2): 486-99 Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989a). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review, Academy of Management Review, 14 (1): 57-74. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989b). Agency- and Institutional Theory Explanations: The Case of Retail Sales Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (3): 488-511. Kaplan, R.S. (1984). The Evolution of Management Accounting. The Accounting Review, LIX(3): 390-402. Reichelstein, S. (1992). Constructing Incentive Schemes for Government Contracts: An Application of Agency Theory. The Accounting Review, 67 (4): 712-731. References for Enron case study: Serwer, Andy. 2002, ‘Dirty Rotten Numbers: Enron has made us shine a light on the books of Americas public companies. Now, if your company carries even a hint of bad accounting, the stock will be savaged, Fortune. Vol 145, i4, p74+. Shleifer, Andrei. 2000, ‘Are Financial Markets Efficient Oxford Scholarship Online Economics and Finance. Pp 1- 5. Akdere, Mesut and Azevedo, Ross. 2004, ‘Organisational Development, Agency Theory, and efficient Contracts: A Research Agenda. Pp2-8. Deakin, Simon and Konzelmann, Suzanne. 2004, ‘Learning From Enron Corporate Governance. Vol 12, pp134-142. Haldeman, Robert G. 2006, ‘Fact, Fiction, and Fair Value Accounting at Enron The CPA Journal. Pp1-10. Thompson, Robert B. 2004, ‘Corporate Governance after Enron. HeinOnline. Pp99-117. Godfrey, Jayne. Hodgson, Allan. Holmes, Scott. Tarca, Ann. 2006. ‘Accounting Theory: Sixth edition. Wiley, Australia. ‘Enron: The Smartest Guys in The room 2005, DVD, Dendy Films. USA. ‘Encarta: Online. Copyright MSN Encarta, 2008, Accessed 15/05/08 from http://encarta.msn.com/media_701610605/the_fall_of_enron_stock.html

Pro-Choice Abortion Essay -- Freedom of Choice, Pro-Choice Essays

Abortion Abortion is one of the most personal, widely discussed, and controversial topics in American culture today. In most cases, people on both sides of the argument take worthy and moral positions. Who can blame someone who wishes to prevent the termination of a teen pregnancy to save the life of an unborn child? On the other hand, who can blame anyone who advocates the soon-to-be mother's right to make such a personal, heartbreaking choice? No matter what she chooses to do, should anyone have the legal right to force her to bear an unwanted child? Most people in the US are pro-choice, and believe that abortion should be a legal, confidential decision that only a woman can make for herself. However, some are against the idea of terminating life, regardless of its current stage. People advocating this pro-life opinion believe that de-legalizing abortion will make it go away. Sadly, that is incorrect. Throughout American history, despite complications of legality, women have managed to have abortions without much difficulty, whether from a doctor, a back-alley abortionist pretending to be a doctor, or even themselves. Fittingly, about 80% of women are pro-choice, while 60% of men follow the pro-choice ideal. This is exemplified by the fact that nearly half of all American women (including teenagers) have had an abortion at least once. Abortion has been a very common part of American life since the eighteenth century. Both in times of public scrutiny, and acceptance, abortion has always been present in the United States. At the start of the 1900?s, it was common practice for doctors to refuse medical care to woman suffering from abortion complications, until she confessed to having an abortion. This cruel practice ... ...responsible, naÃÆ'Â ¯ve adolescent. For example, the possibility that a girl whom is ?flamboyant? in her physical excapades, demands an abortion every other month, is purely ridiculous. I do not condone such behavior, but I do believe that abortion is sometimes the most logical, least heart-wrenching choice. Although I do not whole-heartedly agree with the concept of terminating the possibility of life, it is sometimes necessary to prevent or even end one life, to save a massive amount of suffering, and rescue the livelihood of many others. Furthermore, the opinion of corrupt political officials and the twisted view of society should have no say in the personal matters of a single, suffering woman. As a result, it is the right of every woman in the United States to judge how serious the circumstances are, and make the decision to accept or decline abortion for her self.

On the Idle Hill, The Drum and Drummer Hodge Essay

Poets often write poems to express their ideas, opinions, emotions and experiences of life. Choose three poems you have studied to show how writers have been influenced by the events of war. War, in any shape or form, affects people in many different ways. Many people choose to express their feelings and experiences of war in poems. The three poems I have chosen all have different moods, structures and rhythms but their meanings are all the same – war is ruthless terrifying and pointless. The poem ‘On the Idle Hill’ is by A.E. Housman. Housman wrote the poem in 1896 and he was not writing about any particular war but just the horror of battle in general. Housman never partook in any war but heard about the terror of it from other people’s experiences. The first stanza portrays a peaceful, happy, warm scene. Words such as ‘summer’, ‘sleepy’ and ‘streams’ emphasise this. However, the ‘steady drummer’ cuts through this peaceful atmosphere. It is the sound of the army coming, looking for new recruits to go to war with them. The first stanza seems to be about the drum and how it calls people to war and tears them away from their homes. The line; ‘Drumming like a noise in dreams.’ makes the drum seem like a nightmare, something everyone dreads. In the second stanza, the tone is a lot sadder and darker. The phrases, ‘Far and near’ and ‘low and louder’ are suggesting that war is everywhere, and can be seen in different levels all over the world. Probably one of the most striking and powerful lines in the poem, ‘Dear to friends and food for powder’ is very shocking and adds a more personal theme to the poem, because the soldiers are now being seen as friends, fathers and real people instead of just toys in war. The ‘powder’ is gunpowder so the poet is hinting at the fact that the men are just food for the war. The war is made to sound like a real living thing; this is a good example of personification. The final line of stanza two, ‘Soldiers marching, all to die.’ is depressing and it emphasises the pointlessness and horror of war. Stanza three maintains the sad, depressing tone. There is more powerful and graphic imagery such as, ‘bleach the bones’, which is very sinister and shocking, and, ‘of comrades slain’. ‘Slain’ does not just mean killed, it means murdered and it outlines the brutality of war. Another graphic phrase is, ‘Lovely lads and dead and rotten’. These are contrasting images, and the writer is trying to put the idea across that innocent, good people can be killed in war for no reason. The final line of the stanza, ‘None that go return again.’ sums up A.E. Housman’s view on war – that it is just something which takes the lives of anyone who fights in it and has no point whatsoever. The rhyme in ‘On the Idle Hill’ is ‘abab’ and it keeps a slow, steady rhythm throughout the poem, giving a sad, melancholy tone to the poem. The form in which the writer has set out the poem, in four stanzas, is effective because each one talks about a different aspect of war. This poem shows A.E. Housman’s hatred of battle and how pointless and ruthless he thinks it is. War has obviously effected him deeply and we can see from his language throughout the poem that he feels very strongly about it. The poem ‘The Drum’ was written by John Scott, who was a Quaker. The significance of this is that according to Quaker beliefs, he was a pacifist and so was completely against war and violence. His poem concentrates on the famous recruitment drum which called people to was. He opens the poem directly by saying, ‘I hate that drum’s discordant sound,’. We immediately know what Scott’s feelings about war are – he hates it. Even the rhythm is drum-like, as seen in the repetition of the word ’round’. This has a hypnotic effect, just like the drum was to knew recruits. Scott is bitter about the drum and criticises its ability to hypnotise young men, as seen in the phrase, ‘To thoughtless youth it pleasure yields.’ The poet is saying that the drum almost takes advantage of the young men. The next two lines, ‘To sell their liberty for charms Of tawdry lace, and glittering arms.’ are suggesting that was takes your freedom for something material and worthless, the uniform and the weapons. The poet’s thoughts here are that was may seem exciting and a chance to be a hero but it is really taking your freedom and life. Scott uses the words ‘tawdry’, ‘charms’, and ‘glittering’ to create an image of honour and glory. In the following line, Scott makes the word ‘Ambition’ seem like a person – this is a good example of personification. He is stressing the fact that ‘Ambition’, or the war officers, only have to give one order to send you to your death. The final line of stanza one, ‘To march, and fight, and fall in foreign lands.’ is used by the poet to tell us that in war, you are always matching to die. Stanza two begins with the same two lines as stanza one, with the hypnotic repetition of the word ’round’. The poet now puts his personal feelings into the poem by saying ‘To me it speaks’. He uses powerful imagery, as seen in the words ‘ravaged’, ‘burning’ and ‘ruined’, to create a scene of destruction and death. Also, words such as ‘mangled’ and ‘dying’ provoke horror and terror in the reader’s mind. The following line, ‘And widow’s tears and orphan’s moans.’ is depressing and it shows the aftermath of war – the families ruined. The final two lines, ‘And all that Misery’s hand bestows, To fill the catalogue of human woes.’ are summing up Scott’s view on war, it is terrible, destructive, pointless and terrifying. Again, he uses personification and makes ‘Misery’ seem like a person. The form in which ‘The Drum’ is set out is quite effective – the first stanza is about the recruitment of men and the pointlessness of war and the second is about the aftermath and the death. The rhyming scheme ‘abab’ is used throughout the poem and it is drum-like in sound, which is very fitting to the subject of the poem. In summary, ‘The Drum’ shows John Scott’s hatred of war. Being a pacifist, he obviously did not fight in any wars but he knew enough about them to know of the destruction and death which came with them. He has written the poem to express his views on war and also to try and dissuade people from going to them. ‘Drummer Hodge’ was written by Thomas Hardy after he read about a local drummer boy who had been killed at war. He thought how sad it was that a young boy, who didn’t know the horror of war, should be buried in an alien landscape so far from home. The boy died in the Boer War (1899-1902), which took place in South Africa. The poem has a very pessimistic, sad tone. The first stanza is about how the young boy is buried. The phrases ‘they throw’ and ‘uncoffined’ suggest to us that no thought was put into his burial and he had no proper funeral. He wasn’t even given the luxury of a wooden box, he was just thrown into a hole. Hardy emphasises the fact that he is miles away from home with the phrase ‘foreign constellations.’ The reader feels sorry for the poor boy, buried away from everything familiar to him.